Nutrition / Metabolism

Omega

EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid), DPA (Docosapentaenoic Acid), and DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) are fatty acids and essential nutrients that your body needs but can't produce on its own. They are found in fish oils, marine sources, and certain plants in smaller amounts. They can also be obtained through supplements. These fatty acids play a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular health, reducing inflammation, and supporting brain function.

EPA+DPA+DHA is a blood test that measures the levels of three specific types of omega-3 fatty acids in your blood. They're primarily found in fatty fish, but can also be obtained through supplements.

Higher levels of EPA+DPA+DHA have been linked to several health benefits, including:

Reduced risk of heart disease: These fatty acids can help lower triglyceride levels and improve heart health.
Improved brain function: They may help support cognitive function and memory.
Reduced inflammation: Omega-3s can help reduce inflammation in the body.

Abnormal EPA, DPA, and DHA Levels

Low Levels of EPA, DPA, and DHA - Causes

Dietary deficiency: Inadequate intake of omega-3-rich foods like fatty fish, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts can lead to low levels.
Poor absorption: Conditions affecting fat absorption, such as Crohn's disease, celiac disease, or pancreatic insufficiency, can result in lower levels.
Increased metabolic demand: Certain conditions like pregnancy, chronic inflammation, or stress can increase the body's demand for omega-3s, potentially depleting levels.
Genetic factors: Some individuals have a reduced ability to convert other fatty acids (like alpha-linolenic acid, and ALA) into EPA, DPA, and DHA due to genetic variations.

Low Levels of EPA, DPA, and DHA - Symptoms

Increased inflammation: Low omega-3 levels are associated with higher levels of inflammation, which can exacerbate conditions like arthritis, asthma, or inflammatory bowel disease.
Cardiovascular issues: Insufficient omega-3 levels may increase the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and elevated triglycerides.
Cognitive decline: Low levels of DHA, in particular, are linked to impaired brain function, memory problems, and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
Mood disorders: Deficiency in omega-3s, especially EPA, has been associated with depression and anxiety.

High Levels of EPA, DPA, and DHA - Causes

Excessive supplementation: High doses of omega-3 supplements can lead to elevated levels.
Dietary overconsumption: High intake of omega-3-rich foods or oils can also increase levels.
Reduced clearance: Certain metabolic or liver conditions could potentially reduce the clearance of these fatty acids from the body, leading to accumulation.
Medication: Certain medications can affect your omega-3 levels.

High Levels of EPA, DPA, and DHA - Symptoms

Bleeding risk: Omega-3s can have a blood-thinning effect. Excessively high levels can increase the risk of bleeding, especially in individuals taking anticoagulant medications.
Immune suppression: Extremely high omega-3 levels might suppress the immune response, making the body more susceptible to infections.
Gastrointestinal issues: A high intake of omega-3 supplements can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea, diarrhea, or a fishy aftertaste.

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for many bodily functions, including reducing inflammation, supporting brain function, and maintaining cardiovascular and eye health. There are three key omega-3s. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). These come mostly from fatty fish like salmon and sardines. The third, Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), comes from plants like flaxseeds and walnuts. We can't make omega-3s ourselves, so we need to get them from food or supplements.

The Omega-3 Total Test measures the combined levels of all omega-3 fatty acids in the blood.

Key Points:

Higher Levels Are Beneficial: Increasing your Omega-3 Index towards or above 8% is associated with improved heart health and reduced inflammation.
Variability Between Laboratories: While these ranges are widely accepted, specific reference ranges can vary depending on the laboratory and the testing method used.

Low Omega-3 Levels

Causes

Poor dietary intake: Insufficient consumption of omega-3-rich foods such as fatty fish (salmon, mackerel, sardines), flaxseeds, and walnuts.
High omega-6 consumption: Diets high in processed foods or vegetable oils (like corn, soybean, and sunflower oils) can lead to an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fats, further lowering omega-3 levels.
Malabsorption disorders: Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, or other digestive disorders that interfere with fat absorption may result in low omega-3 levels.
Increased demand: Pregnancy, breastfeeding, or chronic inflammation can increase the body's demand for omega-3s, leading to lower levels.

Symptoms

Heart health issues: Higher risk of heart disease, high cholesterol, or elevated blood pressure.
Cognitive decline: Trouble with memory, concentration, or increased risk of depression and anxiety.
Joint pain and inflammation: Worsened arthritis symptoms or general inflammation-related pain.
Skin and hair problems: Dry, flaky skin and brittle hair may occur due to low omega-3 levels.
Weakened immune response: Increased susceptibility to infections.

High Omega-3 Levels

Causes

Excessive supplementation: Overuse of omega-3 supplements, especially fish oil or concentrated EPA/DHA supplements, can lead to elevated levels.
Overconsumption of omega-3-rich foods: Eating large amounts of fatty fish or taking multiple supplements.

Symptoms

Blood thinning: Omega-3s can have a blood-thinning effect, increasing the risk of bleeding or bruising easily.
Gastrointestinal issues: Excessive omega-3 intake may cause nausea, diarrhea, or fishy aftertaste.
Suppressed immune system: Overly high levels can suppress immune function, making it harder for the body to fight infections.

Omega-6s are polyunsaturated fats that affect inflammation, immunity, and cellular function. While omega-6 fatty acids are essential for health, an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids can lead to chronic inflammation and poor health. Omega-6 fatty acids include linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), typically found in vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, and processed foods.

The Omega-6 Total Test measures the levels of omega-6 fatty acids in the blood.

Abnormal Omega-6 Levels

Low Omega-6 Levels - Causes

Insufficient dietary intake: Not eating enough omega-6-rich foods such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds can lead to low omega-6 levels.
Malnutrition or malabsorption: Celiac disease or Crohn's disease, can result in lower omega-6 levels.
Excessive omega-3 supplementation: Taking very high omega-3 supplement doses without balancing omega-6 intake can lower omega-6 levels too much.

Low Omega-6 Levels - Symptoms

Dry skin and hair: Omega-6 fatty acids are essential for skin barrier function. Low levels can cause dry, flaky skin and brittle hair.
Poor wound healing: Because omega-6s are involved in skin repair and immune function, deficiencies can lead to delayed wound healing.
Immune dysfunction: Low omega-6 levels can impair immune response, increasing the risk of infections.
Neurological issues: Since omega-6s are critical for brain function, deficiencies may contribute to cognitive problems or mood disorders.

High Omega-6 Levels - Causes

A diet high in omega-6: The primary cause of elevated omega-6 levels is consuming too many foods rich in omega-6 fats, such as vegetable oils (corn, soybean, sunflower oil), processed foods, and fast foods.
A diet low in omega-3: If the intake of omega-3 is low and omega-6 intake is high, this creates an imbalance that can lead to excessive omega-6 levels.
Certain health conditions: Chronic conditions like obesity, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome may cause elevated omega-6 levels due to associated inflammation and poor dietary habits.

High Omega-6 Levels - Symptoms

Increased inflammation: High levels of omega-6 relative to omega-3 can promote inflammation, leading to joint pain, arthritis, or worsening autoimmune conditions.
Cardiovascular risk: Higher omega-6 levels, when unbalanced with omega-3, are linked to increased risk of heart disease, atherosclerosis, and high blood pressure.
Mental health issues: Research suggests that imbalances in omega-6 and omega-3 may contribute to mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression.

Cardiovascular Health

Apo B, or apolipoprotein B, is a protein that carries cholesterol from the liver to cells throughout the body. However, it only transports lipids with negative health effects; low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and others. It does not transport good cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

High levels of ApoB indicate an increased number of atherogenic particles, which can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as heart attacks and strokes. As such, Apo B is considered to be a powerful indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD). In some patients with CAD, APO B is elevated even in the presence of normal LDL cholesterol.

The Apo B or Apolipoprotein B-100 test is a blood test that can tell you about your risk for cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) disease. Some healthcare providers believe an Apo B test is more accurate than a lipid panel (which measures all those cholesterol types) to estimate cardiovascular disease risk.

Abnormal Apolipoprotein B Levels

Low ApoB Levels - Causes

Genetic factors: Conditions like familial hypobetalipoproteinemia, an inherited disorder that results in abnormally low ApoB levels.
Malabsorption syndromes: Such as celiac disease or chronic pancreatitis, can reduce ApoB levels.
Severe malnutrition: Inadequate intake of calories and essential nutrients can lead to low ApoB levels.
Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid function can lower lipid levels, including ApoB.
Liver disease: Certain liver conditions that impair lipid production can result in low ApoB levels.
Certain medications: Drugs like statins or fibrates, which lower cholesterol levels, may also reduce ApoB levels.

Low ApoB Levels - Symptoms

Often asymptomatic: There may be no direct symptoms.
Potential fat malabsorption symptoms: If related to malabsorption, symptoms may include diarrhea, weight loss, and deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
Possible neurological symptoms: Severe reductions in ApoB, particularly related to genetic disorders, may lead to neurological issues, including peripheral neuropathy.

High ApoB Levels - Causes

Genetic factors: Familial hypercholesterolemia and other inherited lipid disorders.
Diet: High intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese is associated with higher ApoB levels.
Metabolic syndrome: A cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol levels can raise ApoB.
Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to elevated ApoB.
Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid function.
Kidney disease: Certain kidney conditions can result in abnormal lipid metabolism, increasing ApoB.
Certain medications: Some drugs, such as corticosteroids, can increase lipid levels, including ApoB.

High ApoB Levels - Symptoms

Often asymptomatic: There may be no direct symptoms.
Cardiovascular symptoms: If high ApoB contributes to atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries), symptoms may include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, heart attack, or stroke.

Large HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) refers to a subtype of HDL cholesterol, often categorized based on particle size. HDL is known as 'good cholesterol' because it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream, transporting it to the liver for excretion.

The classification into 'large' HDL is based on the size of these particles. Large HDL molecules can transport greater quantities of bad cholesterol to the liver, making them more beneficial to cardiovascular health. In contrast, smaller particles do not provide added cardiovascular protection.

This test helps assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with intermediate or high risk based on traditional or emerging risk factors, including:

Existing health conditions: diabetes, high blood pressure, or atherosclerosis
A family history of heart disease
Smoking
Age: Men >45 and women >55 years of age

This test is also used to assess a patient's response to lipid-lowering therapy.

Abnormal Large HDL Particle Levels

Low Large HDL Particle Levels - Causes

Low levels may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, as there is less HDL available to remove cholesterol from the arteries.

Diet: High intake of trans fats and refined sugars or carbohydrates can lower HDL levels.
Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity can reduce the levels of large HDL particles.
Obesity: Excess body weight can lower HDL levels, especially large HDL particles.
Type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome: These conditions can reduce the size and number of HDL particles.
Smoking: Smoking is associated with lower HDL levels, including large HDL particles.
Genetics: Some individuals have naturally lower HDL levels.
Certain medications: Some medications, like beta-blockers or anabolic steroids, can lower HDL levels.
Type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome: These conditions can reduce the size and number of HDL particles.

Low Large HDL Particle Levels - Symptoms

Generally asymptomatic
Low levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Symptoms related to cardiovascular issues might include chest pain, shortness of breath, or fatigue.

Elevated Large HDL Particle Levels - Causes

Elevated levels are typically not a cause for concern. While having high HDL levels is generally considered beneficial, excessively high levels may be associated with certain health issues.

Genetics: Some individuals naturally have higher HDL levels.
Medications: Certain drugs, such as niacin and fibrates, can elevate HDL.
Estrogen: Hormone replacement therapy or higher estrogen levels in women can increase HDL, particularly large HDL particles.

Elevated Large HDL Particle Levels - Symptoms

Generally asymptomatic
Considered protective against cardiovascular disease.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance the liver produces in response to inflammation. The High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) Test is a more precise version of the standard CRP test. It is designed to measure very low levels of CRP in the blood, which can indicate low-grade inflammation.

The hs-CRP test is primarily used to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and stroke. Since low-grade inflammation plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries), measuring hs-CRP levels can help identify individuals at higher risk for these conditions, even if they appear otherwise healthy. It is also used to help monitor chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other autoimmune diseases.

Elevated hs-CRP Levels

Elevated hs-CRP - Causes

Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause inflammation, raising hs-CRP levels.
Chronic inflammatory diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often cause elevated hs-CRP.
Cardiovascular disease: Elevated hs-CRP is associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke, as it reflects inflammation in the arteries.
Metabolic syndrome: A cluster of conditions, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels, can raise hs-CRP.
Obesity: Excess body fat, particularly abdominal fat, is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to elevated hs-CRP.
Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can increase inflammation and hs-CRP levels.
Autoimmune diseases: Lupus or rheumatoid arthritis involves chronic inflammation, which elevates hs-CRP.
Chronic infections: Periodontal disease or chronic hepatitis can cause ongoing inflammation.
Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to increased inflammation and higher hs-CRP levels.
High blood pressure: Chronic hypertension can lead to arterial inflammation and elevated hs-CRP.

Elevated hs-CRP - Symptoms

Elevated hs-CRP itself does not cause symptoms. It is a marker of underlying inflammation, so any symptoms present would be related to the condition causing the inflammation. These symptoms might include:

Fever or chills: If inflammation is due to an infection.
Fatigue: Chronic inflammation or underlying autoimmune diseases.
Pain or discomfort: Depending on the location of inflammation, such as joint pain in arthritis or chest pain in cardiovascular conditions.
Swelling or redness: In response to localized inflammation, such as an injury or skin infection.

Hormonal Health

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced mainly in the liver that binds to sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estrogen, in the bloodstream. SHBG controls the amount of testosterone and estrogen that is available for the body's tissues to use. When hormones are bound to SHBG, they are inactive and cannot be used by cells. The levels of SHBG can influence the balance of available sex hormones, affecting many bodily processes.

The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) test measures the level of SHBG in your blood. This test is often used to help diagnose conditions related to abnormal levels of sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. It is particularly useful when total hormone levels are normal, but symptoms of hormone imbalance are present.

Low SHGB Levels

Low SHBG levels have been associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders including metabolic syndrome, as well as some cancers and arthritis in both genders.

Low SHBG - Causes

Obesity
Type 2 diabetes
Hypothyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome
Use of anabolic steroids or androgenic medications
Excessive androgen production (polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hirsutism, hair loss, and infertility in women).
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Low SHBG - Symptoms

Acne
Excessive body or facial hair (hirsutism)
Oily skin
Irregular menstrual cycles (in women)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) symptoms
Aggression or mood changes (in men)
Potential symptoms related to excess free estrogen (in women):
Weight gain
Breast tenderness
Menstrual irregularities

High SHGB Levels

Often, higher levels of SHBG are associated with positive health outcomes. For example, elevated SHBG levels have been linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer. However, they are also linked to a higher risk of bone loss and fractures, hypogonadism in males, and hepatic cirrhosis. In some cases, it may be caused by hyperthyroidism, as thyroid hormone stimulates the production and release of SHBG.

High SHBG - Causes

Hyperthyroidism
Hypogonadism
Liver disease (Hepatic cirrhosis)
Hormones: Estrogen (including estrogen therapy or oral contraceptives), thyroid or growth hormones or other growth factors
Pregnancy
Anorexia nervosa
Aging (SHBG levels naturally increase with age)
Certain genetic conditions
Nutritional status

High SHBG - Symptoms

Decreased libido
Erectile dysfunction (in men)
Fatigue
Loss of muscle mass
Osteoporosis or decreased bone density
Mood swings or depression

Complete Blood Count

Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses. They play a key role in fighting infections and responding to allergies and inflammation.

When exposed to allergens or germs, basophils release substances like histamine and heparin. These chemicals help widen blood vessels, make blood vessels leaky, and attract other immune cells to the area of infection or allergy. Various factors, including medications, pregnancy, and chronic stress can influence basophil levels.

This test looks at the basophils as a white blood cell count percentage.

Abnormal Basophil Levels

Low Basophils (Basopenia) - Causes

Acute infections: Particularly bacterial infections where other white blood cells are more active.
Severe allergic reactions: Anaphylaxis or severe allergies might temporarily lower basophil levels as they are rapidly utilized.
Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland can lead to decreased basophil counts.
Stress: Physical or emotional stress, including after surgery or trauma.
Prolonged corticosteroid Use: Long-term use of corticosteroids can suppress basophil production.
Cushing’s syndrome: Excessive cortisol production due to Cushing’s syndrome.

Low Basophils - Symptoms

Increased infection risk: Though typically mild, low basophil levels might slightly raise the risk of infections.
Hyperthyroidism symptoms: Symptoms like rapid heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, and tremors.
Stress-related symptoms: Fatigue, irritability, or symptoms related to physical recovery post-surgery or trauma.

Elevated Basophils (Basophilia) - Causes

Allergic reactions: Conditions like asthma, hay fever, and allergic dermatitis can elevate basophil levels.
Chronic inflammatory diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Infections: Some chronic infections, including tuberculosis or chickenpox.
Myeloproliferative disorders: Blood cancers like chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or polycythemia vera.
Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid can sometimes cause elevated basophils.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like lupus may increase basophil counts.
Certain medications: Drugs that affect the immune system or blood cell production.

Elevated Basophils - Symptoms

Allergy symptoms: Itching, rash, hives, swelling, sneezing, or asthma-like symptoms due to histamine release.
Chronic inflammation: Joint pain, fatigue, or other symptoms related to chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.
Symptoms of myeloproliferative disorders: Fatigue, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, or splenomegaly (enlarged spleen).
Hypothyroidism symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and hair loss.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune system. They are involved in helping the body respond to allergies, parasitic infections, and certain other inflammatory conditions.

The eosinophil test reflects the count of eosinophils as a percentage of your total white blood cell count.

Abnormal Eosinophil Levels

Low Eosinophils (Eosinopenia) - Causes

Acute infections: Bacterial or viral infections can temporarily reduce eosinophil levels as the body mobilizes other immune cells.
Corticosteroid use: Long-term or high-dose use of corticosteroids can suppress eosinophil production.
Cushing’s syndrome: A condition where the body produces too much cortisol, leading to eosinopenia.
Stress: Severe physical or emotional stress can lower eosinophil counts.
Bone marrow disorders: Conditions that affect bone marrow function can lead to reduced production of eosinophils.

Low Eosinophils - Symptoms

Increased infection risk: Low eosinophil levels may slightly increase the risk of infections.
Fatigue: General tiredness, particularly if associated with a broader immune suppression.
Symptoms of underlying conditions: Symptoms related to Cushing’s syndrome, infections, or bone marrow disorders.

High Eosinophils (Eosinophilia) - Causes

Allergic reactions: Common causes include asthma, hay fever, eczema, and allergic rhinitis.
Parasitic infections: Especially those caused by worms like roundworms, hookworms, or flukes.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like eosinophilic esophagitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, or lupus.
Certain cancers: Particularly blood-related cancers like Hodgkin's lymphoma or certain types of leukemia.
Drug reactions: Some medications, such as antibiotics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can trigger eosinophilia.
Skin conditions: Disorders like dermatitis, psoriasis, or fungal infections.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

High Eosinophils - Symptoms

Respiratory issues: Wheezing, shortness of breath, or cough, particularly in cases of asthma or allergic reactions.
Skin rashes: Itchy, red, or inflamed skin, often associated with eczema or allergic reactions.
Abdominal pain: Discomfort or pain, especially if related to parasitic infections or gastrointestinal disorders.
Fever and fatigue: General symptoms that may accompany infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancers.
Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss, particularly in chronic conditions like cancers or autoimmune diseases.
Joint pain: Associated with autoimmune disorders.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system, particularly in fighting off infections and diseases. They include T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, B cells produce antibodies, and NK cells destroy infected or cancerous cells.

The lymphocyte test reflects the lymphocytes as a percentage of the total white blood cell count. A lymphocyte test is typically part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, which measures the types and numbers of cells in the blood including red blood cells, white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. The lymphocyte test, when viewed alongside the absolute lymphocyte count, provides important insights into the immune system's function. While similar, these tests provide different insights.

Lymphocyte (%) Test: This test measures the proportion of lymphocytes in relation to the total white blood cell (WBC) count. It is expressed as a percentage. The percentage alone doesn't give the full picture because it depends on the total WBC count.

Absolute Lymphocyte Count: This test measures the actual number of lymphocytes in a given volume of blood, usually per microliter (uL). It provides the total number of lymphocytes regardless of the WBC count.

Abnormal Lymphocyte Levels

Low Lymphocytes (Lymphocytopenia) - Causes

Severe infections: Especially those that overwhelm the immune system, like HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis.
Autoimmune disorders: Such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, where the body attacks its immune cells.
Bone marrow disorders: Including aplastic anemia or certain cancers like leukemia.
Chemotherapy or radiation therapy: Treatments that target rapidly dividing cells can lower lymphocyte counts.
Corticosteroid use: Medications like corticosteroids can reduce lymphocyte percentages by increasing neutrophil counts.
Chronic illness: Conditions like chronic renal disease may result in a lower percentage of lymphocytes.
Malnutrition: Deficiencies in essential nutrients can impair lymphocyte production.
Genetic conditions: Some inherited disorders can lead to low lymphocyte levels.
Stress: Conditions like acute stress, trauma, or surgery can elevate neutrophil counts, reducing the lymphocyte percentage.

Low Lymphocytes - Symptoms

Frequent infections: Increased susceptibility to infections, particularly viral, fungal, or opportunistic infections.
Fever: Recurrent or persistent fevers without a clear cause.
Unexplained fatigue: Due to chronic infections or immune system dysfunction.
Weight loss: Often associated with chronic infection or underlying disease.
Swollen lymph nodes or spleen: Particularly in infections or malignancies.
Delayed healing: Wounds may heal more slowly due to compromised immune function.

High Lymphocytes (Lymphocytosis) - Causes

Infections: Particularly viral infections like mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), or hepatitis.
Chronic Inflammatory Conditions: Such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Certain Cancers: Including lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma.
Autoimmune Disorders: Such as lupus.
Stress Responses: Acute stress, including surgery or trauma.
Smoking: Can cause elevated lymphocyte counts.

High Lymphocytes - Symptoms

Swollen lymph nodes: Due to the immune system's response to infection or inflammation.
Fatigue: A general feeling of tiredness or weakness.
Fever: Common in infections or malignancies.
Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss may occur in cases of chronic disease or cancer.
Night sweats: Often associated with lymphomas or chronic infections.
Recurring infections: Particularly viral infections.

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