Zinc, a trace mineral essential for human health, is required for many biological processes. It is vital to over 300 enzymes, aiding metabolism, digestion, nerve, and antioxidant functions. It is also important for a healthy immune system, properly synthesizing DNA, promoting healthy growth during childhood, and healing wounds.
Abnormal Zinc Levels
Low Zinc Levels or Zinc Deficiency - Causes
While zinc deficiency is uncommon in developed countries, low zinc levels are not uncommon and have significant clinical implications, impacting various aspects of health. Zinc deficiency may contribute to impaired fertility and increased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired growth and development, weakened immune function, and increased infection susceptibility. Additionally, it can lead to skin lesions, delayed wound healing, and altered taste perception. In children, inadequate zinc intake can result in growth retardation and cognitive deficits, while in adults, Furthermore, low zinc levels have been linked to mental health disorders like depression.
- Inadequate dietary intake: Poor nutrition, especially in diets lacking in meat, dairy, and whole grains.
- Malabsorption disorders: Conditions like Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and chronic diarrhea can reduce zinc absorption.
- Increased requirements: Pregnancy, lactation, and periods of rapid growth.
- Chronic illness: Diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease can lead to zinc deficiency.
- Excessive alcohol consumption: Alcohol can interfere with zinc absorption and increase urinary zinc excretion.
- Certain medications: Diuretics and penicillamine can lower zinc levels.
Low Zinc Levels - Symptoms
- Loss of appetite
- Impaired immune function
- Hair loss
- Skin rashes or lesions
- Delayed wound healing
- Diarrhea
- Taste and smell disturbances
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Impaired growth and development (in children)
High Zinc Levels or Zinc Toxicity - Causes
Elevated zinc levels can have clinical significance, but zinc toxicity is rare. Long-term exposure to high zinc levels can disrupt lipid metabolism, potentially increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- Excessive supplementation: Taking high doses of zinc supplements can lead to toxicity.
- Inhalation of zinc fumes: Occupational exposure, such as in metalworking, can cause acute zinc toxicity.
- Overconsumption of zinc-rich foods: Although rare, consuming large amounts of zinc-rich foods, or fortified foods can cause elevated levels.
- Hemodialysis: Patients undergoing dialysis may experience elevated zinc levels.
High Zinc Levels - Symptoms
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Stomach cramps
- Diarrhea
- Headaches
- Dizziness
- Metallic taste in the mouth
- Lowered immunity over time
- Copper deficiency (long-term high zinc intake)
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