Health Test Categories & Biomarkers

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a role in the body's immune response, especially in allergic reactions and infections. The absolute eosinophil count measures the number of eosinophils in the blood. Abnormal levels of eosinophils, either high (eosinophilia) or low (eosinopenia), can indicate various health conditions.

Abnormal Eosinophil Levels

Low Eosinophils (Eosinopenia) - Causes

Acute infections: Particularly bacterial infections, where the body's immune response shifts, leading to reduced eosinophil levels.
Corticosteroid use: Medications like prednisone can lower eosinophil levels by suppressing the immune system.
Stress: Physical stress (e.g., trauma, surgery) or emotional stress can temporarily reduce eosinophil counts.
Cushing's syndrome: A condition caused by high cortisol levels, often from adrenal tumors or long-term corticosteroid use.
Severe illness: Conditions like sepsis or advanced stages of chronic diseases can cause eosinopenia.

Low Eosinophils - Symptoms

Often asymptomatic: Typically, low eosinophil levels do not cause specific symptoms.
Possible increased infection risk: There might be a higher susceptibility to infections, especially parasitic infections, although this is uncommon.
Symptoms of underlying conditions: Symptoms may reflect the underlying condition, such as stress or corticosteroid use.

Elevated Eosinophil Levels (Eosinophilia) - Causes

Allergic reactions: Common in conditions like asthma, hay fever, eczema, or drug allergies.
Parasitic infections: Often seen in infections caused by parasites such as roundworms, hookworms, or certain protozoa.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Gastrointestinal Disorders: Eosinophilic esophagitis or eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
Certain cancers: Some types of leukemia, lymphoma, or other cancers can cause eosinophilia.
Infections: Some viral and bacterial infections, particularly those that cause chronic inflammation.
Medications: Reaction to certain drugs, such as antibiotics or anticonvulsants.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome: A rare disorder where eosinophils are abnormally high without a known cause, leading to tissue damage.

Elevated Eosinophil Levels - Symptoms

Allergic reactions: Skin rashes, itching, hives, or other signs of allergies.
Respiratory symptoms: Wheezing, asthma, or shortness of breath in allergic respiratory conditions.
Gastrointestinal issues: Diarrhea, abdominal pain, or other symptoms related to parasitic infections or eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders.
Chronic fatigue: If eosinophilia is related to a chronic condition.

Lymphocytes such as B-cells and T-cells are a type of white blood cell found primarily in the lymph system. Lymphocytes help your body's immune system recognize and fight cancer, foreign viruses, and bacteria.

A lymphocyte count is usually part of a peripheral complete blood cell count, generally measured along with lymphocyte percentage. Together, Viewed together, these two tests provide a more complete picture of the immune system's function than either alone.

Absolute Lymphocyte Count: This test measures the actual number of lymphocytes in a given volume of blood, usually per microliter (uL). It provides the total number of lymphocytes regardless of the WBC count. Lymphocyte Percentage (%) Test: This test measures the proportion of lymphocytes relative to the total white blood cell (WBC) count. It is expressed as a percentage. The percentage alone doesn't give the full picture because it depends on the total WBC count.

Abnormal Absolute Lymphocyte Levels

Low Lymphocyte Levels (Lymphocytopenia or Lymphopenia) - Causes

Low counts are often caused by undernutrition or mild infections, but may also be caused by a more serious disease or conditions.

HIV or AIDs
Tuberculosis or typhoid fever
Viral hepatitis
Blood and bone marrow disorders (Hodgkin's disease or aplastic anemia)
Autoimmune diseases such as lupus
Rare inherited conditions such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), ataxia-telangiectasia, DiGeorge syndrome, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Radiation or chemotherapy treatments
Severe malnutrition

Low Lymphocyte Count - Symptoms

Increased susceptibility to infections.
Frequent infections or infections that are difficult to treat.
Fatigue, unexplained weight loss, or night sweats.
Signs of the underlying condition causing lymphocytopenia.

High Lymphocyte Levels (Lymphocytosis) - Causes

Infections: Viral infections (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis, and HIV), certain bacterial infections (e.g., tuberculosis, whooping cough).
Chronic inflammatory conditions: Such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease.
Blood cancers: Leukemia or lymphoma can lead to a high lymphocyte count.
Stress response: Physical or emotional stress may temporarily increase lymphocyte levels.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like lupus can cause lymphocytosis.
Underactive thyroid (Hypothyroidism)

High Lymphocyte Count - Symptoms

Often asymptomatic and discovered during routine blood tests.
Symptoms related to underlying conditions (e.g., fatigue, fever, night sweats if caused by leukemia or lymphoma).
Enlarged lymph nodes or spleen.
Loss of appetite or weight loss

Absolute band neutrophils are immature neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the body's immune response. Band neutrophils are typically released into the bloodstream when the body needs a rapid immune response, often in cases of infection, inflammation, or other stressors on the immune system.

The absolute band neutrophil count is a measure of the actual number of band neutrophils (immature neutrophils) present in a given volume of blood.

Abnormal Absolute Band Neutrophils

Low Absolute Band Neutrophils - Causes

Bone marrow suppression: Conditions like chemotherapy, radiation, or certain medications can suppress bone marrow function, leading to a lower production of neutrophils.
Aplastic anemia: This is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells, including neutrophils.
Viral infections: Some viral infections, such as hepatitis or HIV, can lead to decreased neutrophil production.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like lupus can cause the immune system to attack healthy cells, leading to neutropenia (low neutrophil count).
Nutritional deficiencies: Severe vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies can result in low neutrophil levels.

Low Absolute Band Neutrophils - Symptoms

When band neutrophil levels are low, the immune system is weakened, increasing the risk of infections. Common symptoms include:

Frequent or recurrent infections
Mouth sores
Unexplained fever
Swollen lymph nodes
Fatigue

High Absolute Band Neutrophils (Bandemia) - Causes

Elevated levels of band neutrophils in the blood, known as a "left shift," may occur in response to bacterial infections, inflammation, or other conditions that stimulate the production and release of immature neutrophils from the bone marrow.

Infections (especially bacterial): The most common cause of elevated band neutrophils is infection. The body releases immature neutrophils to fight infection when the demand for neutrophils exceeds the supply.
Inflammatory conditions: Inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease can also cause elevated levels of band neutrophils.
Acute stress: Physical stress, such as trauma, surgery, or burns, can increase band neutrophils.
Bone marrow disorders: Certain conditions, such as leukemia or other bone marrow disorders, can lead to abnormal production of white blood cells, including band neutrophils.
Sepsis: A severe infection that spreads throughout the body can trigger a high level of band neutrophils as part of an immune response.
Corticosteroid use: Corticosteroids, which are used to treat inflammation, can increase band neutrophil counts by altering immune system function.
Smoking: Chronic smoking has been associated with increased levels of band neutrophils.

Low Absolute Band Neutrophils - Symptoms

The symptoms associated with elevated band neutrophils are usually tied to the underlying cause, such as:

Fever (often associated with infection)
Fatigue
Pain or discomfort (due to infection or inflammation)
Signs of infection (e.g., redness, swelling, or discharge at the site of infection)
Shortness of breath (in severe cases like sepsis)

Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses. They play a key role in fighting infections and responding to allergies and inflammation.

When exposed to allergens or germs, basophils release substances like histamine and heparin. These chemicals help widen blood vessels, make blood vessels leaky, and attract other immune cells to the area of infection or allergy. Various factors, including medications, pregnancy, and chronic stress can influence basophil levels.

This test looks at the basophils as a white blood cell count percentage.

Abnormal Basophil Levels

Low Basophils (Basopenia) - Causes

Acute infections: Particularly bacterial infections where other white blood cells are more active.
Severe allergic reactions: Anaphylaxis or severe allergies might temporarily lower basophil levels as they are rapidly utilized.
Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland can lead to decreased basophil counts.
Stress: Physical or emotional stress, including after surgery or trauma.
Prolonged corticosteroid Use: Long-term use of corticosteroids can suppress basophil production.
Cushing’s syndrome: Excessive cortisol production due to Cushing’s syndrome.

Low Basophils - Symptoms

Increased infection risk: Though typically mild, low basophil levels might slightly raise the risk of infections.
Hyperthyroidism symptoms: Symptoms like rapid heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, and tremors.
Stress-related symptoms: Fatigue, irritability, or symptoms related to physical recovery post-surgery or trauma.

Elevated Basophils (Basophilia) - Causes

Allergic reactions: Conditions like asthma, hay fever, and allergic dermatitis can elevate basophil levels.
Chronic inflammatory diseases: Rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Infections: Some chronic infections, including tuberculosis or chickenpox.
Myeloproliferative disorders: Blood cancers like chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) or polycythemia vera.
Hypothyroidism: An underactive thyroid can sometimes cause elevated basophils.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like lupus may increase basophil counts.
Certain medications: Drugs that affect the immune system or blood cell production.

Elevated Basophils - Symptoms

Allergy symptoms: Itching, rash, hives, swelling, sneezing, or asthma-like symptoms due to histamine release.
Chronic inflammation: Joint pain, fatigue, or other symptoms related to chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases.
Symptoms of myeloproliferative disorders: Fatigue, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, or splenomegaly (enlarged spleen).
Hypothyroidism symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and hair loss.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune system. They are involved in helping the body respond to allergies, parasitic infections, and certain other inflammatory conditions.

The eosinophil test reflects the count of eosinophils as a percentage of your total white blood cell count.

Abnormal Eosinophil Levels

Low Eosinophils (Eosinopenia) - Causes

Acute infections: Bacterial or viral infections can temporarily reduce eosinophil levels as the body mobilizes other immune cells.
Corticosteroid use: Long-term or high-dose use of corticosteroids can suppress eosinophil production.
Cushing’s syndrome: A condition where the body produces too much cortisol, leading to eosinopenia.
Stress: Severe physical or emotional stress can lower eosinophil counts.
Bone marrow disorders: Conditions that affect bone marrow function can lead to reduced production of eosinophils.

Low Eosinophils - Symptoms

Increased infection risk: Low eosinophil levels may slightly increase the risk of infections.
Fatigue: General tiredness, particularly if associated with a broader immune suppression.
Symptoms of underlying conditions: Symptoms related to Cushing’s syndrome, infections, or bone marrow disorders.

High Eosinophils (Eosinophilia) - Causes

Allergic reactions: Common causes include asthma, hay fever, eczema, and allergic rhinitis.
Parasitic infections: Especially those caused by worms like roundworms, hookworms, or flukes.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like eosinophilic esophagitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, or lupus.
Certain cancers: Particularly blood-related cancers like Hodgkin's lymphoma or certain types of leukemia.
Drug reactions: Some medications, such as antibiotics or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can trigger eosinophilia.
Skin conditions: Disorders like dermatitis, psoriasis, or fungal infections.
Gastrointestinal disorders: Conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

High Eosinophils - Symptoms

Respiratory issues: Wheezing, shortness of breath, or cough, particularly in cases of asthma or allergic reactions.
Skin rashes: Itchy, red, or inflamed skin, often associated with eczema or allergic reactions.
Abdominal pain: Discomfort or pain, especially if related to parasitic infections or gastrointestinal disorders.
Fever and fatigue: General symptoms that may accompany infections, autoimmune diseases, or cancers.
Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss, particularly in chronic conditions like cancers or autoimmune diseases.
Joint pain: Associated with autoimmune disorders.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance the liver produces in response to inflammation. The High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) Test is a more precise version of the standard CRP test. It is designed to measure very low levels of CRP in the blood, which can indicate low-grade inflammation.

The hs-CRP test is primarily used to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and stroke. Since low-grade inflammation plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries), measuring hs-CRP levels can help identify individuals at higher risk for these conditions, even if they appear otherwise healthy. It is also used to help monitor chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other autoimmune diseases.

Elevated hs-CRP Levels

Elevated hs-CRP - Causes

Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause inflammation, raising hs-CRP levels.
Chronic inflammatory diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often cause elevated hs-CRP.
Cardiovascular disease: Elevated hs-CRP is associated with an increased risk of heart disease and stroke, as it reflects inflammation in the arteries.
Metabolic syndrome: A cluster of conditions, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels, can raise hs-CRP.
Obesity: Excess body fat, particularly abdominal fat, is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, leading to elevated hs-CRP.
Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes can increase inflammation and hs-CRP levels.
Autoimmune diseases: Lupus or rheumatoid arthritis involves chronic inflammation, which elevates hs-CRP.
Chronic infections: Periodontal disease or chronic hepatitis can cause ongoing inflammation.
Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to increased inflammation and higher hs-CRP levels.
High blood pressure: Chronic hypertension can lead to arterial inflammation and elevated hs-CRP.

Elevated hs-CRP - Symptoms

Elevated hs-CRP itself does not cause symptoms. It is a marker of underlying inflammation, so any symptoms present would be related to the condition causing the inflammation. These symptoms might include:

Fever or chills: If inflammation is due to an infection.
Fatigue: Chronic inflammation or underlying autoimmune diseases.
Pain or discomfort: Depending on the location of inflammation, such as joint pain in arthritis or chest pain in cardiovascular conditions.
Swelling or redness: In response to localized inflammation, such as an injury or skin infection.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody that plays a crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes. It is predominantly found in areas of the body exposed to external environments, such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. IgA is also present in saliva, tears, and breast milk, providing a first line of defense against pathogens.

The IgA test measures the level of immunoglobulin A in the blood to evaluate immune function and to help diagnose and monitor certain immune disorders.

Abnormal IgA Levels

Low IgA Levels - Causes

Low IgA levels might mean your body's defense system, especially in the moist linings of your respiratory and digestive systems, isn't as strong as it should be. This could be due to various reasons, such as:

Selective IgA deficiency: A common immunodeficiency where the body produces little or no IgA. This can cause you to be more prone to infections in areas like your lungs, sinuses, and gut.
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): A more general immune deficiency involving low levels of several immunoglobulins, including IgA.
Congenital causes: Some individuals are born with low IgA levels due to genetic factors.
Medications: Certain drugs, like anticonvulsants or steroids, can lower IgA levels.
Infections: Severe or chronic infections may temporarily reduce IgA levels.
Lifestyle: Ongoing stress, poor diet, or inadequate sleep

Low IgA Levels - Symptoms

Recurrent respiratory infections (sinusitis, bronchitis)
Gastrointestinal infections and chronic diarrhea
Allergies and asthma
Autoimmune disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)

High IgA Levels - Causes

Elevated IgA levels might mean your immune system is working extra hard to protect your body from harmful substances like bacteria and viruses. It might also point to an overactive immune response that could require further investigation.

Chronic infections: Persistent infections, particularly in the lungs or gastrointestinal tract, can cause elevated IgA levels as the immune system is constantly activated.
Autoimmune diseases: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can lead to increased IgA levels.
Liver disease: Cirrhosis or other chronic liver conditions may cause elevated IgA levels.
IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease): A kidney disorder where IgA deposits in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and kidney damage.
Multiple myeloma: A type of blood cancer that can cause overproduction of IgA.

High IgA Levels - Symptoms

Symptoms of high levels of Total IgA may not be specific and can vary widely, but could include:

Fatigue
Joint pain or swelling
Skin rashes
Kidney problems (e.g., hematuria, proteinuria)
Respiratory issues (e.g., chronic cough, shortness of breath)

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system, particularly in fighting off infections and diseases. They include T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, B cells produce antibodies, and NK cells destroy infected or cancerous cells.

The lymphocyte test reflects the lymphocytes as a percentage of the total white blood cell count. A lymphocyte test is typically part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, which measures the types and numbers of cells in the blood including red blood cells, white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. The lymphocyte test, when viewed alongside the absolute lymphocyte count, provides important insights into the immune system's function. While similar, these tests provide different insights.

Lymphocyte (%) Test: This test measures the proportion of lymphocytes in relation to the total white blood cell (WBC) count. It is expressed as a percentage. The percentage alone doesn't give the full picture because it depends on the total WBC count.

Abnormal Lymphocyte Levels

Low Lymphocytes (Lymphocytopenia) - Causes

Severe infections: Especially those that overwhelm the immune system, like HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis.
Autoimmune disorders: Such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, where the body attacks its immune cells.
Bone marrow disorders: Including aplastic anemia or certain cancers like leukemia.
Chemotherapy or radiation therapy: Treatments that target rapidly dividing cells can lower lymphocyte counts.
Corticosteroid use: Medications like corticosteroids can reduce lymphocyte percentages by increasing neutrophil counts.
Chronic illness: Conditions like chronic renal disease may result in a lower percentage of lymphocytes.
Malnutrition: Deficiencies in essential nutrients can impair lymphocyte production.
Genetic conditions: Some inherited disorders can lead to low lymphocyte levels.
Stress: Conditions like acute stress, trauma, or surgery can elevate neutrophil counts, reducing the lymphocyte percentage.

Low Lymphocytes - Symptoms

Frequent infections: Increased susceptibility to infections, particularly viral, fungal, or opportunistic infections.
Fever: Recurrent or persistent fevers without a clear cause.
Unexplained fatigue: Due to chronic infections or immune system dysfunction.
Weight loss: Often associated with chronic infection or underlying disease.
Swollen lymph nodes or spleen: Particularly in infections or malignancies.
Delayed healing: Wounds may heal more slowly due to compromised immune function.

High Lymphocytes (Lymphocytosis) - Causes

Infections: Particularly viral infections like mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), or hepatitis.
Chronic Inflammatory Conditions: Such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Certain Cancers: Including lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma.
Autoimmune Disorders: Such as lupus.
Stress Responses: Acute stress, including surgery or trauma.
Smoking: Can cause elevated lymphocyte counts.

High Lymphocytes - Symptoms

Swollen lymph nodes: Due to the immune system's response to infection or inflammation.
Fatigue: A general feeling of tiredness or weakness.
Fever: Common in infections or malignancies.
Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss may occur in cases of chronic disease or cancer.
Night sweats: Often associated with lymphomas or chronic infections.
Recurring infections: Particularly viral infections.

Metamyelocytes are immature white blood cells (WBCs) typically found in the bone marrow, where they develop into mature granulocytes (e.g., neutrophils). These cells are more mature than myelocytes and should mature into fully functional neutrophils within the bone marrow. Under normal conditions, metamyelocytes should not be present in the peripheral blood. When metamyelocytes appear in the blood, it's often a sign that your body is fighting an infection, or responding to other changes inside your body.

Testing for the presence of absolute metamyelocytes is usually done as part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, especially when there is suspicion of bone marrow stress or an underlying blood disorder. The absolute metamyelocytes test measures the number of metamyelocytes circulating per microliter (uL) or liter of blood. It can provide insight into how the bone marrow responds to infection, inflammation, or other stressors.

Abnormal Absolute Metamyelocytes

Abnormal (Elevated)Absolute Metamyelocytes - Causes

Infections: Severe or systemic bacterial infections (e.g., sepsis) can cause a "left shift," where immature forms of white blood cells, including metamyelocytes, are released into the bloodstream.
Bone marrow disorders
Myeloproliferative disorders: Conditions such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) can cause the release of immature white blood cells, including metamyelocytes, into the bloodstream.
Myelodysplastic syndromes: The bone marrow produces abnormal cells, leading to immature cell release.
Chronic inflammatory diseases: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can result in bone marrow hyperactivity, producing immature granulocytes.
Severe anemia or hypoxia: The bone marrow compensates by increasing blood cell production, causing the release of immature forms like metamyelocytes into circulation.
Bone marrow-stimulating drugs: Medications like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), used in cancer patients or those with neutropenia, can stimulate the bone marrow to release immature white blood cells.
Acute blood loss: Severe hemorrhage can stimulate rapid bone marrow response, causing the release of metamyelocytes as the body attempts to compensate.
Tissue damage or trauma: Major physical trauma, burns, or surgeries may cause an increase in metamyelocytes due to increased white blood cell production in response to tissue injury.
Leukemias: Certain types of leukemia, particularly acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, can cause excessive production of immature cells like metamyelocytes.

Abnormal (Elevated)Absolute Metamyelocytes - Symptoms

Since metamyelocytes in the blood usually indicate an underlying condition, symptoms depend on the cause of the abnormal levels. Common symptoms associated with elevated metamyelocytes include:

Infections: Fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, and signs of localized or systemic infection.
Bone marrow disorders: Fatigue, unexplained bruising, frequent infections, bleeding, and weight loss.
Anemia: Fatigue, weakness, pale skin, dizziness, shortness of breath.
Chronic inflammation: Joint pain, swelling, chronic fatigue, and low-grade fever.
Leukemia: Persistent fatigue, weight loss, easy bruising, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes.

Myelocytes are immature white blood cells that develop in the bone marrow and then mature into white blood cells, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They are not normally found in the bloodstream in significant numbers

The lab test for myelocytes typically involves counting the number of myelocytes per 100 white blood cells (WBCs) seen under a microscope.

Testing for myelocytes in the bloodstream is usually evaluated as part of a complete blood count (CBC) with differential or a bone marrow biopsy. The test is useful in identifying bone marrow activity, particularly when immature white blood cells are released into circulation as a response to stress, infection, or malignancy.

Abnormal Myelocyte Results

Myelocytes in the Blood - Causes

Myelocytes are usually found in the bone marrow. However, when detected in the blood, it suggests an abnormal release of immature WBCs. Causes of elevated myelocytes include:

Infections: Severe or systemic bacterial infections, especially in cases of sepsis, can cause the bone marrow to release immature white blood cells like myelocytes.
Bone marrow disorders
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): A type of blood cancer that leads to the overproduction of immature granulocytes.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): These conditions cause abnormal production of blood cells in the bone marrow.
Leukemias: Both acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias may cause high levels of immature WBCs, including myelocytes, to be released into the blood.
Severe inflammation or inflammatory diseases: Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease may cause the bone marrow to release immature white blood cells.
Stress or trauma: Physical trauma, major surgeries, burns, or severe stress on the body can cause increased white blood cell production, leading to myelocytes appearing in the blood.
Severe anemia: Hemolytic anemia or significant blood loss may cause the bone marrow to overcompensate, releasing immature cells like myelocytes.
Medications or therapies: Certain treatments, like chemotherapy or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), can stimulate the bone marrow to release myelocytes into the bloodstream.

Elevated Myelocytes - Symptoms

Elevated myelocytes are not a disease, but are a sign of an underlying condition. Symptoms will depend on the primary cause:

Infection symptoms: Fever, chills, fatigue, and signs of localized or systemic infection.
Bone marrow disorders/leukemia: Fatigue, unexplained bruising or bleeding, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, and weight loss.
Chronic inflammation: Joint pain, swelling, and low-grade fever in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Anemia symptoms: Pale skin, dizziness, fatigue, and shortness of breath in cases of severe anemia.

This test measures the absolute number of myelocytes in a specified blood volume.

Elevated Absolute Myelocytes

Elevated Absolute Myelocytes - Causes

Elevated absolute myelocytes, known as a 'left shift', usually occur due to stress on the bone marrow or a response to certain underlying conditions:

Severe bacterial infections: In cases of severe infection, such as sepsis, the bone marrow may release immature cells like myelocytes into the bloodstream to meet the increased demand for white blood cells.
Bone Marrow Disorders
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): A type of blood cancer characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells, including myelocytes.
Myeloproliferative disorders: These conditions lead to excessive production of various blood cells, including myelocytes.
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): A group of disorders caused by dysfunctional blood cell production, which may lead to immature white blood cells, like myelocytes, entering the bloodstream.
Chronic inflammatory conditions: Chronic conditions, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), or Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) can stimulate the bone marrow to release immature white blood cells like myelocytes.
Severe anemia (hemolytic anemia or aplastic anemia): Severe anemia, especially if caused by blood loss or destruction of red blood cells, may prompt the bone marrow to overcompensate by releasing immature cells into circulation.
Physical stress or trauma (burns or surgery): Significant physical stress can stimulate the bone marrow to release immature cells like myelocytes as part of the body’s response to injury.
Medications or treatments: Chemotherapy or use of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF), often given to stimulate white blood cell production in patients undergoing cancer treatment or with neutropenia, can cause the release of myelocytes into the bloodstream.
Leukemias and other hematologic cancers: Both acute and chronic leukemias (e.g., Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)) may result in a significant increase in myelocytes and other immature white blood cells in circulation.

Elevated Myelocytes - Symptoms

The presence of myelocytes in the peripheral blood is typically an indicator of an underlying condition. Symptoms vary depending on the cause:

Infection symptoms: Fever, chills, fatigue, and signs of infection such as localized pain, swelling, or systemic signs of sepsis.
Bone marrow disorders or leukemia: Fatigue, easy bruising, frequent infections, swollen lymph nodes, bone pain, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats.
Anemia symptoms: Pale skin, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and weakness due to reduced red blood cell count.
Chronic inflammation: Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
Physical stress or trauma: Symptoms related to injury, burns, or major surgery, such as pain, swelling, or decreased function.

Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy D2 (25-OH D2), is a form of vitamin D measured to assess overall vitamin D levels in the body. It is derived from plant-based sources or supplements and is one of the two major forms of vitamin D, the other being 25-hydroxy D3 (derived from animal sources and sun exposure). The body converts D2 and D3 into an active form of vitamin D, which helps maintain bone health, supports immune function, and regulates calcium and phosphorus levels.

The 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D2 blood test measures the level of vitamin D2 in your body.

Abnormal Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy D2 (25-OH D2)

Low Vitamin D2 Levels (Deficiency) - Causes

Dietary deficiency: Lack of foods rich in vitamin D, especially for individuals who follow plant-based diets (D2 is from plant sources, while D3 is more common in animal products).
Malabsorption: Celiac disease, Crohn's disease, and gastric bypass surgery can impair the body’s ability to absorb vitamin D.
Kidney or liver disease: These organs help convert vitamin D to its active form. Issues in either organ can lead to low levels.
Aging: As people age, their skin’s ability to produce vitamin D declines.
Obesity: Vitamin D can be stored in fat tissue, making it less available for the body.
Limited sun exposure: Vitamin D production in the skin relies on sunlight. So, limited sun exposure can lead to low overall vitamin D levels. This is a concern for those living at or above the 47th parallel.

Low Vitamin D2 Levels (Deficiency) - Symptoms

Bone pain and weakness: Vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteomalacia in adults, a condition causing bone pain or muscle weakness.
Fatigue: Low vitamin D levels can result in persistent tiredness.
Frequent illness: A weakened immune system can lead to frequent colds or infections.
Mood changes: Deficiency has been linked to depression and mood swings.
Bone loss: In severe cases, vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteoporosis (weak bones) over time.

High Vitamin D2 Levels (Toxicity) - Causes

Excessive supplementation: Vitamin D toxicity usually occurs due to overuse of supplements, as it’s difficult to reach toxic levels from sun exposure or food sources.
Rare medical conditions: Certain conditions, such as sarcoidosis or other granulomatous disorders, can cause the body to produce too much vitamin D.

High Vitamin D2 Levels (Toxicity) - Symptoms

Hypercalcemia: Excess vitamin D can lead to high calcium levels, causing symptoms such as:
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness and fatigue
Frequent urination
Thirst and dehydration
Kidney stones: Prolonged high levels of vitamin D can cause calcium deposits, potentially leading to kidney stones.
Heart issues: In severe cases, excess calcium can affect heart rhythms and lead to cardiovascular problems.

Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy D3 (25-OH D3), is the form of vitamin D produced in the skin in response to sunlight (UVB rays) and is obtained from animal-based foods. This form of vitamin D is considered the most potent and contributes the most to the body's overall vitamin D status. Vitamin D, 25-hydroxy D3 (25-OH D3) plays an essential role in various bodily functions; bone health, immune function, inflammation regulation, muscle function, and cardiovascular health.

The 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 blood test measures the level of vitamin D3 in your body.

What are the symptoms and causes of low Vitamin D3?

Symptoms

Bone pain: Vitamin D3 deficiency can lead to soft or brittle bones, resulting in discomfort or pain, especially in the lower back, hips, and legs.
Muscle weakness: Low levels can cause muscle aches or weakness, particularly in older adults.
Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or low energy can be a symptom of vitamin D3 deficiency.
Frequent infections: A weakened immune system may lead to repeated respiratory infections or illnesses.
Mood changes: Vitamin D3 deficiency has been linked to depression, anxiety, or mood swings.
Osteoporosis: Long-term deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures due to poor bone mineral density.

Causes

Limited sun exposure: Living in areas with little sunlight (at or above the 47th parallel), using sunscreen frequently, or staying indoors often can reduce vitamin D3 production.
Dietary deficiency: Low intake of foods rich in D3, like fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), egg yolks, and fortified dairy products, can lead to low levels.
Malabsorption disorders: Crohn's disease, Celiac disease, or bariatric surgery can interfere with the body's ability to absorb vitamin D.
Liver or kidney disease: These organs convert vitamin D3 into its active form. So, any dysfunction can result in low levels.
Obesity: Vitamin D3 can be stored in fat cells, reducing its availability in the bloodstream.
Age: As people age, their skin becomes less efficient at synthesizing vitamin D3 from sunlight.

What are the symptoms and causes of HIGH Vitamin D3?

(Toxicity) - Symptoms

Hypercalcemia: High vitamin D3 levels can lead to too much calcium in the blood, causing symptoms like:
Nausea and vomiting
Excessive thirst and frequent urination
Weakness and fatigue
Confusion or difficulty concentrating
Kidney stones: Chronic high levels of vitamin D3 can result in calcium buildup, leading to kidney stones.
Bone pain: Paradoxically, too much vitamin D3 can weaken bones due to excessive calcium extraction from bones.

(Toxicity) - Causes

Excessive supplementation: Vitamin D toxicity is usually caused by overuse of vitamin D3 supplements, as it is rare to get toxic levels from sunlight or food alone.
Sarcoidosis or granulomatous disorders: These conditions can cause the body to produce excess active vitamin D, leading to high calcium levels in the blood.
Kidney dysfunction: Impaired kidney function can prevent proper excretion of excess vitamin D.

Zinc, a trace mineral essential for human health, is required for many biological processes. It is vital to over 300 enzymes, aiding metabolism, digestion, nerve, and antioxidant functions. It is also important for a healthy immune system, properly synthesizing DNA, promoting healthy growth during childhood, and healing wounds.

Abnormal Zinc Levels

Low Zinc Levels or Zinc Deficiency - Causes

While zinc deficiency is uncommon in developed countries, low zinc levels are not uncommon and have significant clinical implications, impacting various aspects of health. Zinc deficiency may contribute to impaired fertility and increased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired growth and development, weakened immune function, and increased infection susceptibility. Additionally, it can lead to skin lesions, delayed wound healing, and altered taste perception. In children, inadequate zinc intake can result in growth retardation and cognitive deficits, while in adults, Furthermore, low zinc levels have been linked to mental health disorders like depression.

Inadequate dietary intake: Poor nutrition, especially in diets lacking in meat, dairy, and whole grains.
Malabsorption disorders: Conditions like Crohn's disease, celiac disease, and chronic diarrhea can reduce zinc absorption.
Increased requirements: Pregnancy, lactation, and periods of rapid growth.
Chronic illness: Diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease can lead to zinc deficiency.
Excessive alcohol consumption: Alcohol can interfere with zinc absorption and increase urinary zinc excretion.
Certain medications: Diuretics and penicillamine can lower zinc levels.

Low Zinc Levels - Symptoms

Loss of appetite
Impaired immune function
Hair loss
Skin rashes or lesions
Delayed wound healing
Diarrhea
Taste and smell disturbances
Fatigue
Depression
Impaired growth and development (in children)

High Zinc Levels or Zinc Toxicity - Causes

Elevated zinc levels can have clinical significance, but zinc toxicity is rare. Long-term exposure to high zinc levels can disrupt lipid metabolism, potentially increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Excessive supplementation: Taking high doses of zinc supplements can lead to toxicity.
Inhalation of zinc fumes: Occupational exposure, such as in metalworking, can cause acute zinc toxicity.
Overconsumption of zinc-rich foods: Although rare, consuming large amounts of zinc-rich foods, or fortified foods can cause elevated levels.
Hemodialysis: Patients undergoing dialysis may experience elevated zinc levels.

High Zinc Levels - Symptoms

Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Stomach cramps
Diarrhea
Headaches
Dizziness
Metallic taste in the mouth
Lowered immunity over time
Copper deficiency (long-term high zinc intake)

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